11/7/2022 0 Comments Aspirin rob holland![]() These are compounds containing one or more chlorine atoms attached to a benzene moiety. Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown)Ĭhemical Taxonomy Provided by Classyfire Description This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as chlorobenzenes.International/Other Brands Ketaject (Bristol-Myers Squibb) / Ketanest (Parke Davis) Brand Name Prescription Products Name Hover over products below to view reaction partners The biotransformation of ketamine corresponds to N-dealkylation, hydroxylation of the cyclohexone ring, conjugation to glucuronic acid and dehydration of the hydroxylated metabolites for the formation of cyclohexene derivatives. Ketamine presents a mainly hepatic metabolism and its major metabolite is norketamine. The plasma protein binding of ketamine accounts for 53.5% of the administered dose. The apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment and at steady-state are 371.3 ml/kg and 4060.3 ml/kg, respectively. 12 The Cmax levels at peak reach 0.75 mcg/ml in plasma and 0.2 mcg/ml in cerebrospinal fluid. ![]() 10 It distributes very rapidly and presents a distribution half-life of 1.95 min. After the first pass metabolism, only 17% of the administered dose is absorbed. Ketamine absorption is very rapid and the bioavailability is around 93%. Unlike other general anaesthetic agents, ketamine does not interact with GABA receptors. Ketamine interacts with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, opioid receptors, monoaminergic receptors, muscarinic receptors and voltage sensitive Ca ion channels. ![]() Ketamine can present cardiovascular changes and bronchodilatation. The effect of ketamine can be described as analgesic by the prevention of central sensitization in dorsal horn neurons as well as by the inhibition on the synthesis of nitric oxide. ![]() These effects are seen in concentrations ten times lower than the needed concentration for anesthetic proposes. Ketamine enhances descending inhibiting serotoninergic pathways and can exert antidepressive effects. It may selectively depress the thalamoneocortical system before significantly obtunding the more ancient cerebral centers and pathways (reticular-activating and limbic systems). The anesthetic state produced by Ketamine has been termed as "dissociative anesthesia" in that it appears to selectively interrupt association pathways of the brain before producing somesthetic sensory blockade. Ketamine is a rapid-acting general anesthetic producing an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression. ![]()
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